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Robert "Bob" Marshall (January 2, 1901November 11, 1939) was an American forester, writer and wilderness activist. The son of Louis Marshall, a wealthy constitutional lawyer and conservationist, and his wife, Bob Marshall developed a love for the outdoors as a young child. A consummate hiker and climber, he visited the Adirondack Mountains frequently during his youth, ultimately becoming one of the first Adirondack Forty-Sixers. He also traveled to the Alaskan wilderness and wrote numerous articles and books, including the bestselling 1933 book ''Arctic Village''. A scientist with a Doctor of Philosophy in plant physiology, Marshall became independently wealthy after the death of his father. He held two significant public appointed posts: chief of forestry in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, from 1933 to 1937, and head of recreation management in the Forest Service, from 1937 to 1939, during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Defining wilderness as a social as well as an environmental ideal, Marshall promoted organization of a national group dedicated to the preservation of primeval land.〔Sutter, p. 233〕 In 1935, he was one of the principal founders of The Wilderness Society and personally provided most of the Society's funding in its first years. He also supported socialism and civil liberties throughout his life.〔Sutter, p. 194〕 Marshall died of heart failure at the age of 38. Twenty-five years later, partly as a result of his efforts, The Wilderness Society fostered the Wilderness Act, which legally defined the wilderness of the United States and protected some nine million acres (36,000 km2) of federal land. Today, Marshall is considered largely responsible for the wilderness preservation movement. Several landmarks and areas, including The Bob Marshall Wilderness in Montana and Mount Marshall in the Adirondacks, have been named in his honor. == Early life and education == Born in New York City, Bob Marshall was the third of four children of Louis Marshall (1856–1929) and Florence (née Lowenstein) Marshall (1873–1916).〔 His father, the son of a Jewish immigrant from Bavaria, was a noted constitutional lawyer and a champion of minority rights.〔Glover, p. 7〕 The family moved to Syracuse, New York, where Louis Marshall was active in the Jewish community, and co-founder of the American Jewish Committee.〔Shabecoff, p. 80〕 In 1891, he was part of a national delegation that sought federal intervention on behalf of persecuted Russian Jews.〔Glover, p. 9〕 An amateur naturalist and active conservationist, the elder Marshall was instrumental in securing "forever wild" protection for the Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserves in New York. He helped found the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, now SUNY-ESF. Florence Marshall, meanwhile, devoted herself to her family, the education of young Jewish women, and the work of several Jewish welfare organizations.〔Glover, p. 11〕 Bob Marshall attended Felix Adler's private Ethical Culture School in New York City until 1919. The school nurtured independent thinking and commitment to social justice.〔Sutter, p. 196〕 Marshall became involved in nature from a young age; two of his childhood heroes were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.〔Nash, p. 201〕 His family took him to the Adirondack Mountains when he was six months old; they returned every summer for the next 25 years. After that, Marshall returned often on his own.〔Marshall, p. 44〕 His younger brother George later described the family's visits to Knollwood, their summer camp on Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondack State Park, as a time when they "entered a world of freedom and informality, of living plants and spaces, of fresh greens and exhilarating blues, of giant, slender pines and delicate pink twinflowers, of deer and mosquitoes, of fishing and guide boats and tramps through the woods".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bob Marshall (wilderness activist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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